「知善惡樹」是如何得名的?(G. Vos)

From what does the tree of knowledge of good and evil derive its name?

作者:魏司堅(G. Vos)

誠之譯自:《改革宗教義學》II.2.24(第二冊[人論],第二章[罪],第24條。)。

24.「知善惡樹」(the tree of knowledge of good and evil;和合本作:分別善惡[的]樹;新譯本作「知善惡樹」)是如何得名的?

聖經並未清楚說明其原因。我們可以這樣來思考:

a. 因為靠著這棵樹,我們就可以知曉人是否會落入到罪惡狀態下,還是會在「不可變的良善」的光景下得到神的認可/確認。(譯註:亞當本來是在一種可變的良善的光景,必須通過知識善惡樹的考驗,進入到不可變的良善(得榮)的地位,即從 “perfect” 到 “perfected perfect”的地位,聖靈就會內住到他裏面。 )

b. 因為透過這棵樹,目前只是在「觀念」上知道邪惡的人,會受到引導,而獲得邪惡的實際知識。或者有另一種可能,因他保持原本的正直、沒有墮落,就藉著勝過試探,對罪的本質有了更清楚的認識,知道罪就是違背神的律法、藐視神的主權,也同樣能獲得關於不可變的道德良善的最高等知識。

c. 因為藉著這棵樹,對亞當來說,邪惡的本質可以說就被客體化了。當我們除去一切的表相和有害的後果時,邪惡的本質就會顯露出來。在一般情況下,在違背律法時,罪惡的種子總是或多或少會被其他事物遮蓋。若神吩咐亞當要善待動物,且將這作為考驗的重點,那麼,在虐待動物這個行為上(這違背了神的命令),邪惡就會以殘酷地對待動物而表現出來,而不是直接以違反神的律法表現出來。我們因此可以說,知識善惡樹的考驗,就其命令的形式本身來說,就已經傳遞了某種關於良善的知識,和相對於良善的邪惡知識。

誠之摘譯自:

Vos, G. (2012–2016). Reformed Dogmatics. (R. B. Gaffin, Ed., A. Godbehere, R. van Ijken, D. van der Kraan, H. Boonstra, J. Pater, A. Janssen, … K. Batteau, Trans.) (Vol. 2, pp. 47–48). Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press.

24. From what does the tree of knowledge of good and evil derive its name?

The reason for that is not stated clearly. One could think of the following:

a)      Because by this tree it would be made known and brought to light whether man would fall into the state of evil or would be confirmed in the state of immutable goodness.
b)      Because by this tree man, who for the present knew evil only as an idea, could be led to the practical knowledge of evil. Or also because he, remaining unfallen, would still, by means of temptation overcome, gain clearer insight into the essence of evil as transgression of God’s law and disregard of His sovereign power, and likewise would attain the highest knowledge of immutable moral goodness.
c)      Because by this tree the essence of evil was, as it were, objectified for Adam. This essence of evil came most clearly to the fore when it was rid of all incidentals, harmful consequences, etc. In the usual transgression of law, the seed of evil is always more or less covered over with other things. If God had commanded Adam to treat the animals well and had made this the point of probation, then in the ill-treatment of the animals, which was in opposition to it, evil would have revealed itself as cruelty to the animals and not so directly as transgression against God. One therefore can say that the form of the probation command in itself already communicated a certain knowledge of evil, and, in contrast, of good.

Vos, G. (2012–2016). Reformed Dogmatics (R. B. Gaffin Jr., Ed. & Trans.; Vol. 2, pp. 47–48). Lexham Press.

另參:〈解析知識樹〉一文

#亞當可變的自由與最高的自由

The Reformed view…sees man not as being placed in eternal bliss from the beginning, but as being placed in such a way that he might attain to eternal bliss. There still hovers above him the possibility of sin & death which is given with his mutable freedom. He is free to do the good out of his good nature, but he has not yet attained the highest freedom which can do good only. The latter is placed before him as an ideal. (shorter writings p243)

改革宗觀點認為……亞當不是從一開始就被放在永恒至福的地位裏,而是被放在可以獲得永恒至福的地位上。罪和死亡的可能性仍然盤旋在亞當的頭上,那是隨著上帝所賜給他的可變的自由而賜下的。出於他良善的本性,他有自由可以行善,但是他還沒有得到那種最高的自由,也就是只能行善的自由。這種最高的自由只是在他眼前的一個理想罷了。(G. Vos, shorter writing, p. 243/魏司堅,誠之譯)

誠之按:

2:17 分别善恶树(knowledge of good and evil,直译作“善恶知识树”;《新译本》作:知善恶树)這構成了耶和華神給第一對夫婦的一道命令的中心(第17節)。“善”和“惡”代表道德倫理的一切範疇。上帝設計這棵樹是為了教導這對男女分辨是非,但首先他們必須通過聽從祂的命令來學習這一點。(誠之摘譯自《聖經神學研讀本聖經》)
2:17 上帝慷慨地允許人吃園中所有樹上的果子,但分別善惡樹的果子除外。關於這棵樹的果子,有多種說法,包括果子賦予(1) 性意識;(2) 道德辨別力;(3) 道德責任;(4) 道德體驗。最後一種解釋最為可能:這對夫妻通過順服與悖逆的親身經驗,認識了善與惡。“敬畏耶和華”(箴1:7)得著的是智慧,而悖逆上帝則成為奴隸。(摘自《聖經研修本》)

附:如神一樣

作者:高銘謙(摘自作者臉書

「因為神知道,你們吃的日子眼睛就明亮了,你們便如神能知道善惡。」(創三5)

蛇引誘女人吃善與惡的知識的樹,所提供的誘因就是「如神一樣知道善與惡」。這種「如神一樣」的慾望,便是人類犯罪墮落的關鍵。

為何人類不可如神一樣知道善與惡?這是因為神的「知道」與人的「知道」有根本上的不同。神對善與惡的「知道」包含了自決與定義,代表神不但知道善與惡的準則,更是定義甚麼是善及甚麼是惡的絕對權威,神的「知道」說明祂擁有一切善與惡的定義。可是,人的「知道」卻不一樣,既然人是受造物,人便沒有權力去自我定義甚麼是善及甚麼是惡,人只能敬畏神,在神的眼光與吩咐下了解神的善惡是甚麼(箴一7),這樣,人的「知道」就是認識神、敬畏神及順服神,尊重祂的決定及對善與惡的定義,才能得著真正的智慧。

然而,「如神一樣知道善與惡」是人類犯罪墮落的慾望,人期望成為神來定義甚麼是善及甚麼是惡,放棄認識神、敬畏神及順服神的受造原意。當人期望「如神一樣」的時候而吃那善與惡的知識的樹時,人卻竟然發現自己所「知道」的並不是善與惡,而是「赤身露體」(創三7)。在原文看來,「赤身露體」與「狡猾」一字相似,這代表人若果嘗試「如神一樣知道善與惡」,那麼人便呈現了「狡猾」的本相,最後便只能羞恥地活著。

有人期望爭奪善與惡定義的話語權,也有人把自己認為的善與惡強加在別人身上,更有人扭曲了善與惡的定義,利用神的名義來定義善與惡,這通通都是「如神一樣」的慾望,只會帶來人與人之間的爭執與墮落。可是,若果我們謙卑自己,回歸神對善與惡的定義,把生命的主權交給祂,人類能活出美善與公義,世上才有真正的和平。

「如神一樣」便是真正的禁果,可是人卻偏好它。

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